• Each solid particle has specific constant velocity under sedimentation, where suspended particles settle separately without any flocculate or sticking to others during settling. This type of settling process is known as type 1 sedimentation.
• If the particles settled in the presence of flocculation during sedimentation due to the particle size is constantly changing, it causes settling velocity to keep changing. This type of settling process is known as type 2 sedimentation.
• In case of a higher concentration of suspended particles which is more than 1000 mg L− 1, it undergoes settling in two separate regions, sludge and mass region. The sludge region settling further is divided into two specific portions, active sludge sedimentation and sedimentation of sludge thickeners. This type of sedimentation is known as type 3 sedimentation. Generally, sediments consist of organic matter and various mineral constituents. Type 3 sedimentation is used for organic materials like plant extracts, components of coke, green debris, bio-degradable substances, etc.
Theory behind sedimentation process
There are two basic types of sedimentation known as unhindered settling and hindered settling.
When the concentration of particles in a suspension increases, the amount of contact between them also increases. This will affect their settling too. Suppose the concentration of particles in a suspension is less than 1% v/v, the particles have very negligible impact on each other, and they settle faster. When particle concentration increases, and suppose it is 9% v/v, the particles in the suspension tend to hinder each other while settling. Properties of particles in suspension are a function of volumetric concentration.
As concentration of particles in the suspension reaches 18% v/v there is a change in the way the suspension will appear. The top interface between water and the suspension would appear distinct when the concentration is greater than 18% v/v. When concentrations are lower than 18% v/v, the interface is diffuse. As the concentrations increase and reach 26%v/v, the nearby particles in the suspension come in permanent contact and the suspension thickens.
Hindered settling is commonly used in water treatment plants. It deals with water with concentrations of suspension between about 12 and 22% v/v.
Mechanism of centrifuge
A centrifuge is a mechanical device that uses a rotor moving at a high speed in order to separate solid particles in a solution. The image shows test tubes placed in a centrifuge machine and how the contents of the test tube are separated before and after centrifugation. The suspended particles settle out of the fluid by gravitational force and come to rest due to higher density than a certain fluid under which particles get settled.
Centrifugation process Important factors of consideration: • Densities of samples and solution
• Distance of particles’ displacement
• Temperature and viscosity of the solution
• Rotor’s speed of rotation
Preparative Centrifuge procedures: The main use of this process is to segregate specific particles present in the solution. It is also used for the analysis of measuring physical properties of the regulating particles.
Particle sedimentation rate is directly proportional to the speed of rotor spins inside the centrifuge, which develop a centrifugal force to each particle in the sample solution, that is directly dependent on the centrifugal force acting on it. Other factors like viscosity of the solution, physical properties of the particles, etc. can also alter the rate of sedimentation rate. For a constant centrifugal force and viscosity of the liquid, the rate of sedimentation is proportional to the particle size (diameter of the particle, considering spherical shape) and to the difference between the density of particles and that of the solution.
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