Role of the Pancreas in the Glucose Homeostasis

The pancreas is required for glucose control in the blood. Insulin and glucagon are two hormones secreted by the pancreas to control glucose levels and prevent postprandial hyperglycemia and fasting hypoglycemia. These hormones have opposing effects on one another. Insulin works to prevent hyperglycemia while glucagon works to prevent hypoglycemia. Insulin-producing beta cells need glucose to function. However, in the absence of insulin, glucose cannot be metabolized leading to diabetes. If the level of glucose is raised in the blood, insulin regulates glucose homeostasis in a variety of ways, including reducing hepatic glucose synthesis (by reducing glucogenesis and glycogenolysis), enhancing glycogenesis (liver, muscle), and increasing glucose absorption, especially into striated muscle and adipocytes. Glucagon is a hormone produced by alpha cells in response to hypoglycemia. It is an antagonistic hormone to insulin. Pancreatic cells have a unique set of channels that generate sodium ion (Na+) and calcium ion (Ca2+) action potentials in the absence of glucose or at low glucose levels to increase the glucose level in the blood. Glucagon promotes the liver’s production and release of glucose, which helps to increase blood sugar levels. Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis are both stimulated and inhibited by glucagon. Somatostatin is produced by a variety of organs, including pancreatic cells, the digestive tract, and the central nervous system, and it is produced in smaller amounts in response to glucose. On a local level somatostatin production increases in response to glucose stimulation and is Ca2+ dependent. Amylin is produced and stored in secretory granules by beta cells. In the same way that insulin is produced from pancreatic cells, it is co-secreted with it. Amylin levels in the blood are low while fasting but rise during meals and after glucose administration, and they are linked to body fat.

Liver response to pancreatic hormones
The liver serves as the body’s glucose (or fuel) storage, assisting in the regulation of blood sugar and other body fuels in response to pancreatic hormones. In response to glucose consumption, the fasting liver changes from net production to net glucose absorption, resulting in hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia. Key enzymes in opposing metabolic processes, glycogenesis, and glycolysis, should be managed to produce net flow in the desired direction in the liver. The release of net glucose results from two carefully orchestrated systems working in tandem. Glycogenolysis begins 2–6 hours after a meal in humans, whereas gluconeogenesis is more essential after prolonged fasting. The fundamental regulation of gluconeogenesis is the stimulation of genes involved in gluconeogenic enzyme secretion, regulated by glucocorticoids, glucagon, and interleukin-6 family cytokines. Insulin suppresses gluconeogenesis by the inhibition of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase, whereas glucocorticoids and glucagon promote the expression of these genes. Hepatic glucose synthesis increases rapidly in response to a physiological surge in glucagon. This rise in hepatic glucose synthesis is attributed to an increase in glycogenolysis in the short term, with little or no influence on gluconeogenesis. The newborn animals are in the process of achieving glucose homeostasis. Low-carbohydrate, high-fat milk is the primary source of sustenance for the newborn.

Role of the Kidneys in the Glucose Homeostasis
In the postabsorptive and postprandial stages, kidneys play a critical for glucose homeostasis. The renal cortex uses gluconeogenesis to produce glucose and utilize it to meet the medulla’s energy needs.

Glycogenolysis is unable to release glucose from the kidneys. Glucose is mainly utilized in the medulla of the kidney. These enzymes can glycolyze, absorb, phosphorylate, and store glucose, but they cannot release it into the bloodstream. The renal cortex is the only place where glucose is released, and the cells in the renal cortex contain gluconeogenic enzymes that can release glucose in the bloodstream.

Lactate, glutamine, and glycerol are the most major gluconeogenic substrates in the kidney. After fasting overnight, the kidneys provide 20–25 percent of the glucose released into the circulation. The key regulators of renal glucogenesis are insulin and adrenaline. Insulin lowers the availability of gluconeogenic substrates and so lowers blood glucose levels via inhibiting renal gluconeogenesis. Adrenaline stimulates glucogenesis and glucose output in the kidneys while decreasing glucose absorption.

Around 162 g of glucose should be reabsorbed daily for maintaining an average fasting plasma glucose level of 5.6 mmol/L and daily 180 g of glucose must be filtered by the kidneys. In proximal tubule glucose reabsorption, glucose transporter proteins in cell membranes are implicated. In the postabsorptive stage, the kidneys utilize around 10% of the glucose absorbed by the body after a fasting period.

Get Professional Assignment Help Cheaply

Buy Custom Essay

Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?

Whichever your reason is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.

Why Choose Our Academic Writing Service?

  • Plagiarism free papers
  • Timely delivery
  • Any deadline
  • Skilled, Experienced Native English Writers
  • Subject-relevant academic writer
  • Adherence to paper instructions
  • Ability to tackle bulk assignments
  • Reasonable prices
  • 24/7 Customer Support
  • Get superb grades consistently
 

Online Academic Help With Different Subjects

Literature

Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists.

Finance

Do you struggle with finance? No need to torture yourself if finance is not your cup of tea. You can order your finance paper from our academic writing service and get 100% original work from competent finance experts.

Computer science

Computer science is a tough subject. Fortunately, our computer science experts are up to the match. No need to stress and have sleepless nights. Our academic writers will tackle all your computer science assignments and deliver them on time. Let us handle all your python, java, ruby, JavaScript, php , C+ assignments!

Psychology

While psychology may be an interesting subject, you may lack sufficient time to handle your assignments. Don’t despair; by using our academic writing service, you can be assured of perfect grades. Moreover, your grades will be consistent.

Engineering

Engineering is quite a demanding subject. Students face a lot of pressure and barely have enough time to do what they love to do. Our academic writing service got you covered! Our engineering specialists follow the paper instructions and ensure timely delivery of the paper.

Nursing

In the nursing course, you may have difficulties with literature reviews, annotated bibliographies, critical essays, and other assignments. Our nursing assignment writers will offer you professional nursing paper help at low prices.

Sociology

Truth be told, sociology papers can be quite exhausting. Our academic writing service relieves you of fatigue, pressure, and stress. You can relax and have peace of mind as our academic writers handle your sociology assignment.

Business

We take pride in having some of the best business writers in the industry. Our business writers have a lot of experience in the field. They are reliable, and you can be assured of a high-grade paper. They are able to handle business papers of any subject, length, deadline, and difficulty!

Statistics

We boast of having some of the most experienced statistics experts in the industry. Our statistics experts have diverse skills, expertise, and knowledge to handle any kind of assignment. They have access to all kinds of software to get your assignment done.

Law

Writing a law essay may prove to be an insurmountable obstacle, especially when you need to know the peculiarities of the legislative framework. Take advantage of our top-notch law specialists and get superb grades and 100% satisfaction.

What discipline/subjects do you deal in?

We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.

Are your writers competent enough to handle my paper?

Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor's, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.

What if I don’t like the paper?

There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.

Reasons being:

  • When assigning your order, we match the paper’s discipline with the writer’s field/specialization. Since all our writers are graduates, we match the paper’s subject with the field the writer studied. For instance, if it’s a nursing paper, only a nursing graduate and writer will handle it. Furthermore, all our writers have academic writing experience and top-notch research skills.
  • We have a quality assurance that reviews the paper before it gets to you. As such, we ensure that you get a paper that meets the required standard and will most definitely make the grade.

In the event that you don’t like your paper:

  • The writer will revise the paper up to your pleasing. You have unlimited revisions. You simply need to highlight what specifically you don’t like about the paper, and the writer will make the amendments. The paper will be revised until you are satisfied. Revisions are free of charge
  • We will have a different writer write the paper from scratch.
  • Last resort, if the above does not work, we will refund your money.

Will the professor find out I didn’t write the paper myself?

Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.

What if the paper is plagiarized?

We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.

When will I get my paper?

You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.

Will anyone find out that I used your services?

We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.

How our Assignment  Help Service Works

1.      Place an order

You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.

2.      Pay for the order

Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.

3.      Track the progress

You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.

4.      Download the paper

The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.

smile and order essaysmile and order essay PLACE THIS ORDER OR A SIMILAR ORDER WITH US TODAY AND GET A PERFECT SCORE!!!

order custom essay paper

Role of the Pancreas in the Glucose Homeostasis

The pancreas is required for glucose control in the blood. Insulin and glucagon are two hormones secreted by the pancreas to control glucose levels and prevent postprandial hyperglycemia and fasting hypoglycemia. These hormones have opposing effects on one another. Insulin works to prevent hyperglycemia while glucagon works to prevent hypoglycemia. Insulin-producing beta cells need glucose to function. However, in the absence of insulin, glucose cannot be metabolized leading to diabetes. If the level of glucose is raised in the blood, insulin regulates glucose homeostasis in a variety of ways, including reducing (by reducing glucogenesis and glycogenolysis), enhancing glycogenesis (liver, muscle), and increasing glucose absorption, especially into striated muscle and adipocytes. Glucagon is a hormone produced by alpha cells in response to hypoglycemia. It is an antagonistic hormone to insulin. Pancreatic cells have a unique set of channels that generate sodium ion (Na+) and calcium ion (Ca2+) action potentials in the absence of glucose or at low glucose levels to increase the glucose level in the blood. Glucagon promotes the liver’s production and release of glucose, which helps to increase blood sugar levels. Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis are both stimulated and inhibited by glucagon. Somatostatin is produced by a variety of organs, , the digestive tract, and the central nervous system, and it is produced in smaller amounts in response to glucose. On a local level somatostatin production increases in response to glucose stimulation and is Ca2+ dependent. Amylin is produced and stored in secretory granules by beta cells. In the same way that insulin is produced from pancreatic cells, it is co-secreted with it. Amylin levels in the blood are low while fasting but rise during meals and after glucose administration, and they are linked to body fat.

Liver response to pancreatic hormones
The liver serves as the body’s glucose (or fuel) storage, assisting in the regulation of blood sugar and other body fuels in response to pancreatic hormones. In response to glucose consumption, the fasting liver changes from net production to net glucose absorption, resulting in hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia. Key enzymes in opposing metabolic processes, glycogenesis, and glycolysis, should be managed to produce net flow in the desired direction in the liver. The release of net glucose results from two carefully orchestrated systems working in tandem. Glycogenolysis begins 26 hours after a meal in humans, whereas gluconeogenesis is more essential after prolonged fasting. The fundamental regulation of gluconeogenesis is the stimulation of genes involved in , regulated by glucocorticoids, glucagon, and interleukin-6 family cytokines. Insulin suppresses gluconeogenesis by the inhibition of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase, whereas glucocorticoids and glucagon promote the expression of these genes. Hepatic glucose synthesis increases rapidly in response to a physiological surge in glucagon. This rise in hepatic glucose synthesis is attributed to an increase in glycogenolysis in the short term, with little or no influence on gluconeogenesis. The newborn animals are in the process of achieving glucose homeostasis. Low-carbohydrate, high-fat milk is the primary source of sustenance for the newborn.

Role of the Kidneys in the Glucose Homeostasis
In the postabsorptive and postprandial stages, kidneys play a critical for glucose homeostasis. The renal cortex uses gluconeogenesis to produce glucose and utilize it to meet the medulla’s energy needs.

Glycogenolysis is unable to release glucose from the kidneys. Glucose is mainly utilized in the medulla of the kidney. These enzymes can glycolyze, absorb, phosphorylate, and store glucose, but they cannot release it into the bloodstream. The renal cortex is the only place where glucose is released, and the cells in the renal cortex contain gluconeogenic enzymes that can release glucose in the bloodstream.

Lactate, glutamine, and glycerol are the most major gluconeogenic substrates in the kidney. After fasting overnight, the kidneys provide 2025 percent of the glucose released into the circulation. The key regulators of renal glucogenesis are insulin and adrenaline. Insulin lowers the availability of gluconeogenic substrates and so lowers blood glucose levels via inhibiting renal gluconeogenesis. Adrenaline stimulates glucogenesis and glucose output in the kidneys while decreasing glucose absorption.

Around 162 g of glucose should be reabsorbed daily for maintaining an average fasting plasma glucose level of 5.6 mmol/L and daily 180 g of glucose must be filtered by the kidneys. In proximal tubule glucose reabsorption, glucose transporter proteins in cell membranes are implicated. In the postabsorptive stage, the kidneys utilize around 10% of the glucose absorbed by the body after a fasting period.

Get Professional Assignment Help Cheaply

Buy Custom Essay

Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?

Whichever your reason is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.

Why Choose Our Academic Writing Service?

  • Plagiarism free papers
  • Timely delivery
  • Any deadline
  • Skilled, Experienced Native English Writers
  • Subject-relevant academic writer
  • Adherence to paper instructions
  • Ability to tackle bulk assignments
  • Reasonable prices
  • 24/7 Customer Support
  • Get superb grades consistently
 

Online Academic Help With Different Subjects

Literature

Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists.

Finance

Do you struggle with finance? No need to torture yourself if finance is not your cup of tea. You can order your finance paper from our academic writing service and get 100% original work from competent finance experts.

Computer science

Computer science is a tough subject. Fortunately, our computer science experts are up to the match. No need to stress and have sleepless nights. Our academic writers will tackle all your computer science assignments and deliver them on time. Let us handle all your python, java, ruby, JavaScript, php , C+ assignments!

Psychology

While psychology may be an interesting subject, you may lack sufficient time to handle your assignments. Don’t despair; by using our academic writing service, you can be assured of perfect grades. Moreover, your grades will be consistent.

Engineering

Engineering is quite a demanding subject. Students face a lot of pressure and barely have enough time to do what they love to do. Our academic writing service got you covered! Our engineering specialists follow the paper instructions and ensure timely delivery of the paper.

Nursing

In the nursing course, you may have difficulties with literature reviews, annotated bibliographies, critical essays, and other assignments. Our nursing assignment writers will offer you professional nursing paper help at low prices.

Sociology

Truth be told, sociology papers can be quite exhausting. Our academic writing service relieves you of fatigue, pressure, and stress. You can relax and have peace of mind as our academic writers handle your sociology assignment.

Business

We take pride in having some of the best business writers in the industry. Our business writers have a lot of experience in the field. They are reliable, and you can be assured of a high-grade paper. They are able to handle business papers of any subject, length, deadline, and difficulty!

Statistics

We boast of having some of the most experienced statistics experts in the industry. Our statistics experts have diverse skills, expertise, and knowledge to handle any kind of assignment. They have access to all kinds of software to get your assignment done.

Law

Writing a law essay may prove to be an insurmountable obstacle, especially when you need to know the peculiarities of the legislative framework. Take advantage of our top-notch law specialists and get superb grades and 100% satisfaction.

What discipline/subjects do you deal in?

We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.

Are your writers competent enough to handle my paper?

Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor's, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.

What if I don’t like the paper?

There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.

Reasons being:

  • When assigning your order, we match the paper’s discipline with the writer’s field/specialization. Since all our writers are graduates, we match the paper’s subject with the field the writer studied. For instance, if it’s a nursing paper, only a nursing graduate and writer will handle it. Furthermore, all our writers have academic writing experience and top-notch research skills.
  • We have a quality assurance that reviews the paper before it gets to you. As such, we ensure that you get a paper that meets the required standard and will most definitely make the grade.

In the event that you don’t like your paper:

  • The writer will revise the paper up to your pleasing. You have unlimited revisions. You simply need to highlight what specifically you don’t like about the paper, and the writer will make the amendments. The paper will be revised until you are satisfied. Revisions are free of charge
  • We will have a different writer write the paper from scratch.
  • Last resort, if the above does not work, we will refund your money.

Will the professor find out I didn’t write the paper myself?

Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.

What if the paper is plagiarized?

We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.

When will I get my paper?

You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.

Will anyone find out that I used your services?

We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.

How our Assignment  Help Service Works

1.      Place an order

You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.

2.      Pay for the order

Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.

3.      Track the progress

You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.

4.      Download the paper

The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.

smile and order essaysmile and order essay PLACE THIS ORDER OR A SIMILAR ORDER WITH US TODAY AND GET A PERFECT SCORE!!!

order custom essay paper
Why we are the best
Our Free Services
Why Hire Our Writers?