The communities of living organisms experience global change. The changes could be social, economic, environmental, climatic, and cultural. The communities respond to these changes variably. Some of them try to make the best out of the worst and modify or adapt themselves to the situation. The population of some organisms may drop drastically in response to an environmental change or they even may become extinct. Some species get more organized, may and technologies to overcome the environmental scenario. Some communities evolve and by natural selection, they inherit the favorable characters that helped their forefathers sustain the changes caused in the environment. and animal species develop tolerance. The extent of all these responses may vary considerably depending on a variety of factors.

An ecosystem is an entity and comprises of both the biological and physical components. Environmental changes like global warming create different responses in the ecosystem.

The global temperature has risen from 1.5 Celsius (C) to 4.5 C on average, it has occurred due to various reasons and definitely, humans contribute greatly to this rise. The greenhouse effect is due to gases like carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, methane. Deforestation is also a valuable reason for this increase in temperature.

The plants are an integral part of the ecosystem and they blend well with the ecosystem. Any change in the environment directly affects their growth as well as their physiology. The temperature increase leads to a rise in the transpiration rate and carbon loss through respiration, and a net loss in photosynthesis. This affects the plants growth.

When the level of carbon dioxide increases, it favors the usage of water efficiently in some cases. The plants get more amount of carbon dioxide and an increase in the rate of photosynthesis occurs at the given amount of water expenditure and a given amount of stomatal opening. But, the sugar maple tree when exposed to higher carbon dioxide utilizes it for photosynthesis and consumes it more for respiration. It has outgrown many other plants in the United States.

In the plants that suffer due to environmental changes, the one that is not affected much dominates and outgrows the other highly affected plant species. Example- Cheatgrass is not much affected by climate change when compared to the other plants of Grassland. Also, some plants have been reported to be supportive of each other during environmental stress conditions.

The fluctuations in the climatic conditions when tend to affect a single species affects the whole food web in which the species is involved. The climatic change led to the advancement in the time of phytoplankton bloom which in turn affected the growth of organisms in the successive tropic levels.

Human and animal responses to environmental change:
The human body is complex and its response is different from the other living organisms. Their response could be an adaptation, developmental adaptation, acclimatization, or cultural responses.

Adaptation- If an environmental change has occurred and if it is not reversible, then the living organisms are not left with a choice. They either have to adapt to the condition to live or have to face the impacts or even death. An adaptation when needs to be followed right from the time the change occurred and if there arises a need for it to be followed by the next generation, it eventually becomes a genetic change. This adaptation when onto the progeny and hence they can cope up with the environmental change.

It is believed that giraffes had a short neck initially and when they had to feed on leaves of taller trees, their neck extended and became longer eventually and became a genetic change.

In people with , two types of alleles are present HbA (normal) and HbS (). If a person is heterozygous with HbA and HbS, then they act as a carrier and are not affected. In the regions around the world, where malaria is found to occur commonly, the people of that region develop sickle cell trait as an adaptation to overcome malaria.

Developmental adaptation- This is not related to the genetic composition. In response to an environmental change, an organism can alter its physical appearance or trait, or phenotype over the years. This change is not easily reversible. People who are natives of higher altitudes and were born there have a higher lung volume than the others because of their requirement to live in such high altitude places. This can be referred to as biological plasticity or developmental adaptation.

Acclimatization- If an environmental change or stress has occurred, then the body may develop temporary and reversible changes to acclimatize to the change. This change can turn back to normal if the stressful conditions terminate.

When a person is exposed to the ultraviolet radiation (UV) of the sun, the cells that are exposed produce a higher amount of melanin. This melanin accumulates on the cell surface and hence prevents the entry of the UV into the cells and protects the skin. But, a brown coloration called tan develops during this process. This is acclimatization and can be reversed when the conditions change.

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