The animals can be broadly divided into endotherms and ectotherms. Endotherms are warm-blooded animals, that comprise the birds and mammals which maintain constant homeostasis and thermoregulation irrespective of the external environment. The rate of metabolism in endotherms is high when compared to the ectotherms, as it uses its internal energy to generate heat due to which food consumption is also high. The rate of metabolism in the endotherms is measured by (basal metabolic rate) BMR. Ectotherms are the cold-blooded animals that consist of invertebrates, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes which maintain their internal homeostasis and thermoregulation based upon the external environment in which it resides. The rate of metabolism is low compared to the endotherms as it uses less energy to maintain their thermoregulation. Thus food consumption by the ectotherms is also less. The rate of metabolism in the ectotherms is measured by the SMR which refers to the standard metabolic rate. Each animal cell in a given period (unit) of time consumes oxygen for energy during cellular respiration and releases a byproduct of carbon dioxide. The fuel burnt or broken-down is known to be metabolism.
Metabolism in ectotherms:
The ectotherms are known to be cold-blooded animals that maintain constant homeostasis and thermoregulation based on the external environment. Hence it exerts a decreased rate of metabolism as they consume only a minimal amount of food. In extremely cold conditions their activity is decreased and, movement is inhibited.
In some cases, ectotherms based on the cues of the environment enters into a state called Torpor by decreasing its rate of metabolism and by reducing its body temperature. This is the animal’s energy conservation state during unfavorable environmental conditions where it exhibits a decrease in its activity and metabolism.
In some cases when the animals are exposed to a low temperature, they enter the torpor state and hibernates during which it exhibits a reduced temperature and metabolism for a long period. For example, in winter, bats go into hibernation.
In response to the external temperature, they undergo certain behavioral changes. Thus, ectoderms are known to be cold-blooded animals. Example: Fishes migrate to warmer/colder water based on seasonal change, lizards that mostly live in burrows, come out to bask in sun to warm their bodies, sea lions in the cold ocean to warm themselves uphold their flippers out of the water.
Rate of metabolism:
The rate of metabolism in animals refers to the energy spent concerning time. Kilocalories, calories, and joules per unit of time are the measuring scales used to find the rate of metabolism.
The cell in a given period (unit) of time consumes oxygen for energy during cellular respiration and releases a byproduct of carbon dioxide. The fuel burnt or broken-down is known to be metabolism.
In endotherms, their rate of metabolism is calculated by BMR, whereas in ectotherms, it is calculated by SMR.
The BMR of the endotherm which maintains thermoregulation independent of the environment is measured when it is in a thermoneutral environment. Thus it exhibits a high rate of metabolism.
The ectotherms which maintain constant thermoregulation dependent on the external temperature always exhibit a constantly varying SMR rate.
The food consumed by an animal and its constant body mass highly depends on its rate of metabolism. The mass of the body gets used up during metabolism in animals if it does not take the proper quantity of food (which is later converted as energy). If the animal consumes more food than the required energy for metabolism, then the excess energy gets stored as fat or glycogen.
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