Hormones in Cell Communication Discussion

In the process of cell communication, the cells produce signaling molecules that interact with other cells. In most cases, hormones are the signal molecules that are produced by the cells for communication. Hormones communicate to cells by binding to the receptors on the cell surface. The binding of the hormones to the receptors triggers various reactions in the cell. The signaling molecules include gas, lipids, proteins, and chemical molecule. Signaling molecules can bind to the receptors found on the cell surface or they can pass through the plasma membrane to bind to the intracellular receptors found in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Based on the distance of the signal transmitted by the hormone they are divided into three categories and they are as follows:

Endocrine signaling

Paracrine signaling

Autocrine signaling The endocrine hormones that are produced by endocrine cells give endocrine signaling. They travel to the distant part of the body through the blood to act upon the target cells. The signaling molecule that acts upon the neighboring cell is known as paracrine signaling. In autocrine signaling, the signaling molecules produced acts on themselves to bring about changes in their function.

Steroid hormones are lipids that are derived from cholesterol. They target the intracellular receptors present in the cytoplasm and nucleus. As the hormones are made up of lipids, they are capable to pass through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. The steroid hormones are small and hydrophobic. There are two types of steroids hormones namely sex steroids and corticosteroids. The hormones of the sex steroids include progesterone, testosterone, and estrogen and,the gonads produce them. They communicate with the gonads to produce the sex hormones that are responsible for the development of male and female characteristics. Corticosteroids are produced by the adrenal cortex and they are divided into mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. Mineralocorticoid hormones regulate mineral and water content in the kidney and glucocorticoids regulate the production of glucose.

Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide in cell communication:
Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide are produced by the activation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Nitric oxide is derived by the action of nitric oxide synthase on amino acid arginine. They are synthesized in the neuron and helps in the dilation of the blood vessels. They act as a paracrine signaling molecule. Nitric oxide diffuses through the plasma membrane and regulates the activity of the target enzymes. Carbon monoxide also mediates the dilation of blood vessels and is synthesized in the neurons.

Neurotransmitters, Peptide hormones, and Eicosanoids:
Neurotransmitters: Neurotransmitters are the chemical molecules that are released by the neurons. They can transmit signals from neurons to neurons or from neurons to other cells. Neurotransmitters are hydrophilic molecules and therefore cannot cross the plasma membrane. The receptors for the neurotransmitters are found on the surface of the cells. The neurotransmitters bind to the extracellular receptors that bring about the conformational change in the receptor. The changes in the receptor activate the opening or closing of the ion channels that are used to create an action potential. The action potential is converted into electrical signals that are perceived by the brain. Examples of neurotransmitters include acetylcholine, histamine, GABA, serotonin, and so on.

Peptide hormones Peptide hormones are made up of amino acids. Hormones in this category can be peptide hormone, neuropeptides, and polypeptide growth factors. The peptide hormones cannot cross the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. Therefore, the receptors of the peptide hormones are present on the surface of the cells. The peptide hormones include insulin that regulates the blood glucose level and pituitary gland hormones such as prolactin that stimulates the production of milk. Neuropeptides are produced by neurons and they include enkephalins and endorphins. They act as both neurotransmitters and neurohormones. Enkephalins and endorphins act as painkillers. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is an example of a polypeptide growth factor. They communicate with the cells through extracellular signaling. They stimulate the growth and differentiation of the cell.

Eicosanoids Eicosanoids are the lipid molecules that bind to the surface receptors of the cells. They act as autocrine and paracrine signaling molecules. The examples include prostacyclin, leukotrienes prostaglandins, and thromboxanes. They stimulate contraction of smooth- muscle and aggregation of the platelet.

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Hormones in Cell Communication Discussion

In the process of cell communication, the cells produce signaling molecules that interact with other cells. In most cases, hormones are the signal molecules that are produced by the cells for communication. Hormones communicate to cells by binding to the receptors on the cell surface. The binding of the hormones to the receptors triggers various reactions in the cell. The signaling molecules include gas, lipids, proteins, and chemical molecule. Signaling molecules can bind to the receptors found on the cell surface or they can pass through the plasma membrane to bind to the intracellular receptors found in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Based on the distance of the signal transmitted by the hormone they are divided into three categories and they are as follows:

Endocrine signaling

Paracrine signaling

Autocrine signaling The endocrine hormones that are produced by endocrine cells give endocrine signaling. They travel to the distant part of the body through the blood to act upon the target cells. The signaling molecule that acts upon the neighboring cell is known as paracrine signaling. In autocrine signaling, the signaling molecules produced acts on themselves to bring about changes in their function.

Steroid hormones are lipids that are derived from cholesterol. They target the intracellular receptors present in the cytoplasm and nucleus. As the hormones are made up of lipids, they are capable to pass through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. The steroid hormones are small and hydrophobic. There are two types of steroids hormones namely sex steroids and corticosteroids. The hormones of the sex steroids include progesterone, testosterone, and estrogen and,the gonads produce them. They communicate with the gonads to produce the sex hormones that are responsible for the development of male and female characteristics. Corticosteroids are produced by the adrenal cortex and they are divided into mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. Mineralocorticoid hormones regulate mineral and water content in the kidney and glucocorticoids regulate the production of glucose.

Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide in cell communication:
Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide are produced by the activation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Nitric oxide is derived by the action of nitric oxide synthase on amino acid arginine. They are synthesized in the neuron and helps in the dilation of the blood vessels. They act as a . Nitric oxide diffuses through the plasma membrane and regulates the activity of the target enzymes. Carbon monoxide also mediates the dilation of blood vessels and is synthesized in the neurons.

Neurotransmitters, Peptide hormones, and Eicosanoids:
Neurotransmitters: Neurotransmitters are the chemical molecules that are released by the neurons. They can transmit signals from neurons to neurons or from neurons to other cells. Neurotransmitters are hydrophilic molecules and therefore cannot cross the plasma membrane. The receptors for the neurotransmitters are found on the surface of the cells. The neurotransmitters bind to the extracellular receptors that bring about the conformational change in the receptor. The changes in the receptor activate the opening or closing of the ion channels that are used to create an action potential. The action potential is converted into electrical signals that are perceived by the brain. Examples of neurotransmitters include acetylcholine, histamine, GABA, serotonin, and so on.

Peptide hormones Peptide hormones are made up of amino acids. Hormones in this category can be peptide hormone, neuropeptides, and . The peptide hormones cannot cross the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. Therefore, the receptors of the peptide hormones are present on the surface of the cells. The peptide hormones include insulin that regulates the blood glucose level and pituitary gland hormones such as prolactin that stimulates the production of milk. Neuropeptides are produced by neurons and they include enkephalins and endorphins. They act as both neurotransmitters and neurohormones. Enkephalins and endorphins act as painkillers. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is an example of a . They communicate with the cells through extracellular signaling. They stimulate the growth and differentiation of the cell.

Eicosanoids Eicosanoids are the lipid molecules that bind to the surface receptors of the cells. They act as autocrine and . The , leukotrienes prostaglandins, and thromboxanes. They stimulate contraction of smooth- muscle and aggregation of the platelet.

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  • Adherence to paper instructions
  • Ability to tackle bulk assignments
  • Reasonable prices
  • 24/7 Customer Support
  • Get superb grades consistently
 

Online Academic Help With Different Subjects

Literature

Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists.

Finance

Do you struggle with finance? No need to torture yourself if finance is not your cup of tea. You can order your finance paper from our academic writing service and get 100% original work from competent finance experts.

Computer science

Computer science is a tough subject. Fortunately, our computer science experts are up to the match. No need to stress and have sleepless nights. Our academic writers will tackle all your computer science assignments and deliver them on time. Let us handle all your python, java, ruby, JavaScript, php , C+ assignments!

Psychology

While psychology may be an interesting subject, you may lack sufficient time to handle your assignments. Don’t despair; by using our academic writing service, you can be assured of perfect grades. Moreover, your grades will be consistent.

Engineering

Engineering is quite a demanding subject. Students face a lot of pressure and barely have enough time to do what they love to do. Our academic writing service got you covered! Our engineering specialists follow the paper instructions and ensure timely delivery of the paper.

Nursing

In the nursing course, you may have difficulties with literature reviews, annotated bibliographies, critical essays, and other assignments. Our nursing assignment writers will offer you professional nursing paper help at low prices.

Sociology

Truth be told, sociology papers can be quite exhausting. Our academic writing service relieves you of fatigue, pressure, and stress. You can relax and have peace of mind as our academic writers handle your sociology assignment.

Business

We take pride in having some of the best business writers in the industry. Our business writers have a lot of experience in the field. They are reliable, and you can be assured of a high-grade paper. They are able to handle business papers of any subject, length, deadline, and difficulty!

Statistics

We boast of having some of the most experienced statistics experts in the industry. Our statistics experts have diverse skills, expertise, and knowledge to handle any kind of assignment. They have access to all kinds of software to get your assignment done.

Law

Writing a law essay may prove to be an insurmountable obstacle, especially when you need to know the peculiarities of the legislative framework. Take advantage of our top-notch law specialists and get superb grades and 100% satisfaction.

What discipline/subjects do you deal in?

We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.

Are your writers competent enough to handle my paper?

Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor's, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.

What if I don’t like the paper?

There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.

Reasons being:

  • When assigning your order, we match the paper’s discipline with the writer’s field/specialization. Since all our writers are graduates, we match the paper’s subject with the field the writer studied. For instance, if it’s a nursing paper, only a nursing graduate and writer will handle it. Furthermore, all our writers have academic writing experience and top-notch research skills.
  • We have a quality assurance that reviews the paper before it gets to you. As such, we ensure that you get a paper that meets the required standard and will most definitely make the grade.

In the event that you don’t like your paper:

  • The writer will revise the paper up to your pleasing. You have unlimited revisions. You simply need to highlight what specifically you don’t like about the paper, and the writer will make the amendments. The paper will be revised until you are satisfied. Revisions are free of charge
  • We will have a different writer write the paper from scratch.
  • Last resort, if the above does not work, we will refund your money.

Will the professor find out I didn’t write the paper myself?

Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.

What if the paper is plagiarized?

We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.

When will I get my paper?

You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.

Will anyone find out that I used your services?

We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.

How our Assignment  Help Service Works

1.      Place an order

You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.

2.      Pay for the order

Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.

3.      Track the progress

You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.

4.      Download the paper

The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.

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