Formation of Flowers and Gametes in Angiosperms

Angiosperm plants undergo two phases of growth. These are:

Vegetative growth: During vegetative growth, stems and leaves are produced in large quantities.

Flowering phase: As the name suggests, flowers are produced. In flowers, sexual organs are developed.

Vegetative growth of the shoot takes place at the apical meristem, which is present at the stem. The formation of apical meristem can be regarded as the first step towards the formation of flowers. The apical meristem grows and converts into a floral meristem. This will lead to the formation of a flower.

Formation of Flowers (ABC model of formation of flowers):
The process of conversion of the apical meristem into a floral meristem involves certain signals. These signals include suitable temperature, secretion of gibberellins – a plant hormone, and photoperiod. Along with these signals, leaves also produce a chemical signal. This chemical signal is called florigen. This florigen is transmitted to apical meristems, which convert apical meristem to floral meristem in a stepwise manner. Apart from it, the expression of the gene also shows a significant part in the growth of floral meristem. Studies have proved that one of the proteins of florigen (FT protein) is encoded by Flowering Locus T (FT) gene. The FT protein regulates the gene expression required for flowering. When there are reproductively favorable conditions, florigen is produced in the leaves. It helps to induce bud formation in plants. The genetic level of the formation of flowers can be understood with the help of the ABC model. In this model, three gene functions (A, B, and C) coordinate to decide the growth and development of primordium. The ABC model explains the compound genetic mechanisms that demonstrate the identity of floral organs in Asterids and Rosids plants. When A-genes are expressed in the first whorl, the formation of sepals takes place in plants. On the other hand, equally A and B-genes are expressed in the second whorl. This leads to the formation of petals. B and C-genes interact with each other and accompany the formation of stamens. C-genes act solitarily in the center of the developing flower to induce the formation of carpels.

Parts of a Flower:
When the meristem develops into floral, the development of floral parts initiates. A flower or floral parts generally consists of four basic whorls. These are the calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium.

Calyx: The calyx forms the outmost or the first whorl of a flower. It consists of green leaf-like appendages called sepals. Thus we can say that sepals are collectively called the calyx. The major function of the calyx is to protect the flower or the bud during its early development. The calyx completely covers the flower during the bud stage. The calyx, being green, also performs the process of photosynthesis.

Corolla: The corolla is the second whorl of a flower. It consists of petals. Thus petals are together called the corolla. Petals are usually organized in rings. Petals are mostly brightly colored and larger than the sepals. Different flowers have petals of different shapes. The corolla makes the flower attractive. It helps to attract insects to facilitate the process of pollination in flowers.

Androecium: The androecium is the third whorl of a flower. It contains a group of stamens. Stamens are the male reproductive unit of a flower. Each stamen consists of a filament and an anther. The filament is a long slender structure that connects to and holds the anther. The anther is a sac-like structure situated at the tip of the filament. It produces pollen grains. The outer wall of the pollen grain is called the exine and the inner wall is called the intine. A full-grown pollen grain possesses two cells – a tube cell and a generative cell.

Gynoecium: The gynoecium is the innermost or the fourth whorl of the flower. It contains the female reproductive units of flowers, called carpels or pistils. Each carpel consists of the following three parts:

Stigma: The stigma is the topmost part of a pistil or carpel. It occurs in a variety of shapes and sizes. Its sticky nature helps it to collect pollen grains.

Style: The style is the slender and filament-like structure of a pistil. It connects the stigma to the ovary. The stigma has different shapes in different flowers.

Ovary: The enlarged basal portion of the carpel is called the ovary. The ovary bears many ovules. The ovules are small and contain eggs. After fertilization, ovules form the seed and the ovary forms the fruit.

Formation of gametes in angiosperms:
The gametes of angiosperm plants are produced by gametophyte generation. The gametophytes of angiosperms are directly related to flowers. The gametes link with each other to form a structure called the sporophyte. The sporophyte is commonly related to the plant body. Multiple vegetative structures arise from the shoot meristem of the sporophyte, which at a specific development point shift from vegetative to reproductive structures.

Meiosis and unequal cytokinesis take place in the ovule. These processes result in the production of four megaspores. Out of these megaspores, the largest megaspore experiences three mitotic divisions. This gives rise to a seven-celled embryo sac that contains eight nuclei. One out of these seven cells is the egg. Two cells, called synergid cells, surround the egg. There is a central cell containing two or more polar nuclei. The central cell will fuse with the male gamete develop into the endosperm. At the contradictory end of the developing embryo sac, three antipodal cells are formed. Antipodal cells generally degenerate during the development of the embryo.

Get Professional Assignment Help Cheaply

Buy Custom Essay

Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?

Whichever your reason is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.

Why Choose Our Academic Writing Service?

  • Plagiarism free papers
  • Timely delivery
  • Any deadline
  • Skilled, Experienced Native English Writers
  • Subject-relevant academic writer
  • Adherence to paper instructions
  • Ability to tackle bulk assignments
  • Reasonable prices
  • 24/7 Customer Support
  • Get superb grades consistently
 

Online Academic Help With Different Subjects

Literature

Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists.

Finance

Do you struggle with finance? No need to torture yourself if finance is not your cup of tea. You can order your finance paper from our academic writing service and get 100% original work from competent finance experts.

Computer science

Computer science is a tough subject. Fortunately, our computer science experts are up to the match. No need to stress and have sleepless nights. Our academic writers will tackle all your computer science assignments and deliver them on time. Let us handle all your python, java, ruby, JavaScript, php , C+ assignments!

Psychology

While psychology may be an interesting subject, you may lack sufficient time to handle your assignments. Don’t despair; by using our academic writing service, you can be assured of perfect grades. Moreover, your grades will be consistent.

Engineering

Engineering is quite a demanding subject. Students face a lot of pressure and barely have enough time to do what they love to do. Our academic writing service got you covered! Our engineering specialists follow the paper instructions and ensure timely delivery of the paper.

Nursing

In the nursing course, you may have difficulties with literature reviews, annotated bibliographies, critical essays, and other assignments. Our nursing assignment writers will offer you professional nursing paper help at low prices.

Sociology

Truth be told, sociology papers can be quite exhausting. Our academic writing service relieves you of fatigue, pressure, and stress. You can relax and have peace of mind as our academic writers handle your sociology assignment.

Business

We take pride in having some of the best business writers in the industry. Our business writers have a lot of experience in the field. They are reliable, and you can be assured of a high-grade paper. They are able to handle business papers of any subject, length, deadline, and difficulty!

Statistics

We boast of having some of the most experienced statistics experts in the industry. Our statistics experts have diverse skills, expertise, and knowledge to handle any kind of assignment. They have access to all kinds of software to get your assignment done.

Law

Writing a law essay may prove to be an insurmountable obstacle, especially when you need to know the peculiarities of the legislative framework. Take advantage of our top-notch law specialists and get superb grades and 100% satisfaction.

What discipline/subjects do you deal in?

We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.

Are your writers competent enough to handle my paper?

Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor's, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.

What if I don’t like the paper?

There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.

Reasons being:

  • When assigning your order, we match the paper’s discipline with the writer’s field/specialization. Since all our writers are graduates, we match the paper’s subject with the field the writer studied. For instance, if it’s a nursing paper, only a nursing graduate and writer will handle it. Furthermore, all our writers have academic writing experience and top-notch research skills.
  • We have a quality assurance that reviews the paper before it gets to you. As such, we ensure that you get a paper that meets the required standard and will most definitely make the grade.

In the event that you don’t like your paper:

  • The writer will revise the paper up to your pleasing. You have unlimited revisions. You simply need to highlight what specifically you don’t like about the paper, and the writer will make the amendments. The paper will be revised until you are satisfied. Revisions are free of charge
  • We will have a different writer write the paper from scratch.
  • Last resort, if the above does not work, we will refund your money.

Will the professor find out I didn’t write the paper myself?

Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.

What if the paper is plagiarized?

We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.

When will I get my paper?

You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.

Will anyone find out that I used your services?

We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.

How our Assignment  Help Service Works

1.      Place an order

You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.

2.      Pay for the order

Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.

3.      Track the progress

You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.

4.      Download the paper

The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.

smile and order essaysmile and order essay PLACE THIS ORDER OR A SIMILAR ORDER WITH US TODAY AND GET A PERFECT SCORE!!!

order custom essay paper

Formation of Flowers and Gametes in Angiosperms

Angiosperm plants undergo two phases of growth. These are:

Vegetative growth: During vegetative growth, stems and leaves are produced in large quantities.

Flowering phase: As the name suggests, flowers are produced. In flowers, sexual organs are developed.

Vegetative growth of the shoot takes place at the apical meristem, which is present at the stem. The formation of apical meristem can be regarded as the first step towards the formation of flowers. The apical meristem grows and converts into a floral meristem. This will lead to the formation of a flower.

Formation of Flowers (ABC model of formation of flowers):
The process of conversion of the apical meristem into a floral meristem involves certain signals. These signals include suitable temperature, secretion of gibberellins – a plant hormone, and photoperiod. Along with these signals, leaves also produce a chemical signal. This chemical signal is called florigen. This florigen is transmitted to apical meristems, which convert apical meristem to floral meristem in a stepwise manner. Apart from it, the expression of the gene also shows a significant part in the growth of floral meristem. Studies have proved that one of the proteins of florigen (FT protein) is encoded by Flowering Locus T (FT) gene. The FT protein regulates the gene expression required for flowering. When there are reproductively favorable conditions, florigen is produced in the leaves. It helps to induce bud formation in plants. The genetic level of the formation of flowers can be understood with the help of the ABC model. In this model, three gene functions (A, B, and C) coordinate to decide the growth and development of primordium. The ABC model explains the compound genetic mechanisms that demonstrate the identity of floral organs in Asterids and Rosids plants. When A-genes are expressed in the first whorl, the formation of sepals takes place in plants. On the other hand, equally A and B-genes are expressed in the second whorl. This leads to the formation of petals. B and with each other and accompany the formation of stamens. in the center of the developing flower to induce the formation of carpels.

Parts of a Flower:
When the meristem develops into floral, the development of floral parts initiates. A flower or floral parts generally consists of four basic whorls. These are the calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium.

Calyx: The calyx forms the outmost or the first whorl of a flower. It consists of green leaf-like appendages called sepals. Thus we can say that sepals are collectively called the calyx. The major function of the calyx is to protect the flower or the bud during its early development. The calyx completely covers the flower during the bud stage. The calyx, being green, also performs the process of photosynthesis.

Corolla: The corolla is the second whorl of a flower. It consists of petals. Thus petals are together called the corolla. Petals are usually organized in rings. Petals are mostly brightly colored and larger than the sepals. Different flowers have petals of different shapes. The corolla makes the flower attractive. It helps to attract insects to facilitate the process of pollination in flowers.

Androecium: The androecium is the third whorl of a flower. It contains a group of stamens. Stamens are the male reproductive unit of a flower. Each stamen consists of a filament and an anther. The filament is a long slender structure that connects to and holds the anther. The anther is a sac-like structure situated at the tip of the filament. It . The outer wall of the pollen grain is called the exine and the inner wall is called the intine. A full-grown pollen grain possesses two cells – a tube cell and a generative cell.

Gynoecium: The gynoecium is the innermost or the fourth whorl of the flower. It contains the female reproductive units of flowers, called carpels or pistils. Each carpel consists of the following three parts:

Stigma: The stigma is the topmost part of a pistil or carpel. It occurs in a variety of shapes and sizes. Its sticky nature helps it to .

Style: The style is the slender and filament-like structure of a pistil. It connects the stigma to the ovary. The stigma has different shapes in different flowers.

Ovary: The enlarged basal portion of the carpel is called the ovary. The ovary bears many ovules. The ovules are small and contain eggs. After fertilization, ovules form the seed and the ovary forms the fruit.

Formation of gametes in angiosperms:
The gametes of angiosperm plants are produced by gametophyte generation. The gametophytes of angiosperms are directly related to flowers. The gametes link with each other to form a structure called the sporophyte. The sporophyte is commonly related to the plant body. Multiple vegetative structures arise from the shoot meristem of the sporophyte, which at a specific development point shift from vegetative to reproductive structures.

Meiosis and unequal cytokinesis take place in the ovule. These processes result in the production of four megaspores. Out of these megaspores, the largest megaspore experiences three mitotic divisions. This gives rise to a that contains eight nuclei. One out of these seven cells is the egg. Two cells, called synergid cells, surround the egg. There is a central cell containing two or more polar nuclei. The central cell will fuse with the male gamete develop into the endosperm. At the contradictory end of the developing embryo sac, three antipodal cells are formed. Antipodal cells generally degenerate during the development of the embryo.

Get Professional Assignment Help Cheaply

Buy Custom Essay

Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?

Whichever your reason is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.

Why Choose Our Academic Writing Service?

  • Plagiarism free papers
  • Timely delivery
  • Any deadline
  • Skilled, Experienced Native English Writers
  • Subject-relevant academic writer
  • Adherence to paper instructions
  • Ability to tackle bulk assignments
  • Reasonable prices
  • 24/7 Customer Support
  • Get superb grades consistently
 

Online Academic Help With Different Subjects

Literature

Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists.

Finance

Do you struggle with finance? No need to torture yourself if finance is not your cup of tea. You can order your finance paper from our academic writing service and get 100% original work from competent finance experts.

Computer science

Computer science is a tough subject. Fortunately, our computer science experts are up to the match. No need to stress and have sleepless nights. Our academic writers will tackle all your computer science assignments and deliver them on time. Let us handle all your python, java, ruby, JavaScript, php , C+ assignments!

Psychology

While psychology may be an interesting subject, you may lack sufficient time to handle your assignments. Don’t despair; by using our academic writing service, you can be assured of perfect grades. Moreover, your grades will be consistent.

Engineering

Engineering is quite a demanding subject. Students face a lot of pressure and barely have enough time to do what they love to do. Our academic writing service got you covered! Our engineering specialists follow the paper instructions and ensure timely delivery of the paper.

Nursing

In the nursing course, you may have difficulties with literature reviews, annotated bibliographies, critical essays, and other assignments. Our nursing assignment writers will offer you professional nursing paper help at low prices.

Sociology

Truth be told, sociology papers can be quite exhausting. Our academic writing service relieves you of fatigue, pressure, and stress. You can relax and have peace of mind as our academic writers handle your sociology assignment.

Business

We take pride in having some of the best business writers in the industry. Our business writers have a lot of experience in the field. They are reliable, and you can be assured of a high-grade paper. They are able to handle business papers of any subject, length, deadline, and difficulty!

Statistics

We boast of having some of the most experienced statistics experts in the industry. Our statistics experts have diverse skills, expertise, and knowledge to handle any kind of assignment. They have access to all kinds of software to get your assignment done.

Law

Writing a law essay may prove to be an insurmountable obstacle, especially when you need to know the peculiarities of the legislative framework. Take advantage of our top-notch law specialists and get superb grades and 100% satisfaction.

What discipline/subjects do you deal in?

We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.

Are your writers competent enough to handle my paper?

Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor's, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.

What if I don’t like the paper?

There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.

Reasons being:

  • When assigning your order, we match the paper’s discipline with the writer’s field/specialization. Since all our writers are graduates, we match the paper’s subject with the field the writer studied. For instance, if it’s a nursing paper, only a nursing graduate and writer will handle it. Furthermore, all our writers have academic writing experience and top-notch research skills.
  • We have a quality assurance that reviews the paper before it gets to you. As such, we ensure that you get a paper that meets the required standard and will most definitely make the grade.

In the event that you don’t like your paper:

  • The writer will revise the paper up to your pleasing. You have unlimited revisions. You simply need to highlight what specifically you don’t like about the paper, and the writer will make the amendments. The paper will be revised until you are satisfied. Revisions are free of charge
  • We will have a different writer write the paper from scratch.
  • Last resort, if the above does not work, we will refund your money.

Will the professor find out I didn’t write the paper myself?

Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.

What if the paper is plagiarized?

We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.

When will I get my paper?

You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.

Will anyone find out that I used your services?

We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.

How our Assignment  Help Service Works

1.      Place an order

You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.

2.      Pay for the order

Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.

3.      Track the progress

You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.

4.      Download the paper

The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.

smile and order essaysmile and order essay PLACE THIS ORDER OR A SIMILAR ORDER WITH US TODAY AND GET A PERFECT SCORE!!!

order custom essay paper
Why we are the best
Our Free Services
Why Hire Our Writers?